Warning

The syntax is not complete yet, this will likely be expanded before Mango 1.0.

Keywords

Keywords

  • import: At the top of a source file, import another file or package.

  • record: See Records.

  • union: See Unions.

  • trait: See Traits.

  • let: Declares a variable.

  • mut: Makes a reference mutable.

  • if: A condition.

  • else: In combination with if, the alternative case.

  • for: A for-loop that iterates over an iterator.

  • while: A while-loop that iterations until a condition no longer holds.

  • in: In combination with if or for.

  • fun: Declares a function.

  • return: (Early) return from a function (hint: may be omitted for final return).

  • and: Boolean ‘and’.

  • or: Boolean ‘or’.

  • not: Boolean ‘not’.

This list is sure to grow.

Symbols

% (percentage)

Comment.

%% (double percentage)

Documentation.

: (colon)

After a value, this is followed by a type tag.

In combination with various keywords, this starts a block, either multiline by indentation, or inline.

+, -, *, / (plus, minus, asterisk, slash)

As binary operators on values, these are the usual mathematical operations.

As unary operators, + and - are positive and negative values.

In types, X* is a shorthand for a collection of X.

As a binary operator for types, + is used to indicate a combination of trait bounds.

// (double slash)

As binary operator, integer division.

==, >, <, <=, >=

Ordering operators.

= (single equals)

Assignment, parameter default, named arguments, map literals.

+= (operator and equals)

Updating assignment (note a += b can be a different operation from a = a + b).

"string" (double quotes)

String literal.

Note that single quotes cannot be used for strings.

x"string" (letter followed by string)

Modified string literal, e.g. raw or templated.

[1, 2] (square brackets)

As a value, this is an array literal.

As a postfix for a value, this is indexing.

As a postfix for a type, this is a generic parameter.

{a=2} (curly braces)

Map literal.

() (parentheses)

Used for grouping, function invocation, used in function signatures.

newline

End of statement unless following ellipsis.

... (ellipsis)

At the end of a line, this means the next line is a continuation of the same statement.

, (comma)

Separator in array or map literals and in function signatures of calls.

A comma is optional if it would be at the end of a line.

. (period)

Access a method or field

? (question mark)

As a postfix for a value, this unwraps a result type, returning early in case of failure.

In types, X? is a shorthand for an optional of X.

& (ampersand)

As a prefix for values or types, this indicates borrowing.

Warning

Ampersand might change to postfix.

# (hash)

As a type prefix, #X means a dynamic, mixed types implementing X (whereas X is a a static, pure type implementing X). See Type parameters

Warning

Hash might change to postfix.

| (pipe)

For values, apply an operation to every element in a collection.

Warning

Pipe is not confirmed yet.

For types, | is used to separate union variants.

@ (at)

As a value postfix, this awaits the result.

\ (backslash)

Used for escaping strings.

Note that these symbols, common in several languages, do not have their C-like meaning in Mango:

  • x++ and x--: use x += 1 or x -= 1

  • && and ||: use and or or

TODO: Several symbols in Mango have a double meaning: one in a type and one in a value.

Reserved

Adding a keyword is a breaking change, so a large number of keywords are currently marked as reserved. Some of them will probably be released before Mango 1.0.

  • abstract

  • alias

  • all

  • annotation

  • any

  • as

  • assert

  • async

  • await

  • become

  • bool

  • box

  • break

  • by

  • byte

  • catch

  • class

  • closed

  • companion

  • const

  • constructor

  • continue

  • data

  • debug

  • def

  • default

  • defer

  • del

  • delegate

  • delegates

  • delete

  • derive

  • deriving

  • do

  • double

  • dynamic

  • elementwise

  • elif

  • end

  • enum

  • eval

  • except

  • extends

  • extern

  • false

  • family

  • field

  • final

  • finally

  • float

  • fn

  • get

  • global

  • goto

  • impl

  • implements

  • in

  • init

  • int

  • interface

  • internal

  • intersect

  • intersection

  • is

  • it

  • lambda

  • lateinit

  • lazy

  • local

  • loop

  • macro

  • match

  • module

  • move

  • NaN

  • native

  • new

  • nill

  • none

  • null

  • object

  • open

  • operator

  • out

  • override

  • package

  • param

  • pass

  • private

  • public

  • pure

  • raise

  • real

  • rec

  • reified

  • sealed

  • select

  • self

  • set

  • sizeof

  • static

  • struct

  • super

  • switch

  • sync

  • synchronized

  • tailrec

  • this

  • throw

  • throws

  • to

  • transient

  • true

  • try

  • type

  • unite

  • unsafe

  • until

  • use

  • val

  • var

  • vararg

  • virtual

  • volatile

  • when

  • where

  • with

  • xor

  • yield